Research Topics on Chemistry

Plastic Recycling Techniques

Plastic is one of the most cost-effective, lightweight, and long-lasting material on the planet, and they're employed in a wide range of applications. They play a significant part in making our daily life easier. Every year, almost 100 million tons of plastic are produced around the world. Numerous containers and items are foamed, laminated, thermoformed, and extruded from them. One of the most essential measures currently accessible to mitigate the impacts done by plastic use is recycling, which is also one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics business.

Plastic recycling entails shredding the garbage into flakes. The plastic flakes are immersed in hot water after shredding to remove impurities. The plastic is heated to a melting point before being turned into granules.

Not all types of plastics can be recycled the types of plastics that can be recycled are

• Polystyrene (containers, foam drinks cup)
• Polypropylene (ice cream containers, Food containers)
• Low-density Polyethylene (Garbage bins and bags)
• Polyvinyl Chloride (pipes, blood bags, tubes, cables)
• High-density polyethylene (shampoo container, milk bottle)
• High-density polyethylene (shampoo container, milk bottle)

So, whereas, without subsidies, recycling of plastics was generally only practicable from post-industrial trash or in regions where the cost of alternative forms of disposal was high a decade ago, it is now becoming viable on a far greater geographic scale, including for post-consumer waste.

Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

A nucleophile is a substance that is strongly attracted to a carbon atom in another molecule that has a positive charge. Nucleophiles are electron-rich organisms with the ability to contribute electron pairs. All nucleophiles are Lewis Bases because of their electron pair donating tendency. The word Nucleophile can be broken down into two pieces: Nucleus and Philos. The Greek term for love is philos. As a result, nucleophiles are known as Nucleus Loving species. These nucleophiles might have a positive or negative charge

Nucleophilic substitution is a process in which an electron-rich nucleophile assaults a positively charged (or partially positively charged) atom in a molecule and bonds with it to replace a leaving group. Ambident Nucleophiles are those that can carry out nucleophilic assaults from two or more separate locations in the molecule (or ion). These types of nucleophile attacks frequently result in the creation of several products. The thiocyanate ion, with the chemical formula SCN–, is an example of an ambident nucleophile. This ion can target either the Sulphur or nitrogen atoms with nucleophilic assaults.

An electrophile is a chemical entity that accepts an electron pair in order to create bonds with nucleophiles. Electrophiles are Lewis acids because they accept electrons. Most electrophiles are positively charged, have a partial positive charge on an atom, or have an atom without an octet of electrons. Electrophiles assault the nucleophile's most electron-dense region. Cations like H+ and NO+, polarized neutral molecules like HCl, alkyl halides, acyl halides, and carbonyl compounds, polarizable neutral molecules like Cl2 and Br2, and oxidizing agents like organic peracids are all common electrophiles in organic syntheses.

Aniline Dyes

While working with aniline, a transparent, oily, deadly liquid, a British chemist created a strong purple dye by accident in the 1850s. Other dye hues were then created by scientists. These synthetic dyes produced the same vibrant hues as natural dyes and were also lightfast. Synthetic dyes in general became known as aniline dyes after being derived mostly from coal tar, and a new chemical dye manufacturing sector sprouted up around them. The dyes are in the form of tiny powders.

Polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic colors, antioxidants, rubber stabilizers, herbicides, varnishes, and explosives are just a few of the items made with aniline.

Only if you work with aniline can you get significant exposure. The principal consequence of aniline, regardless of the route of exposure, is a blood disease that impairs oxygen transport to the tissues. Depending on the duration and amount of exposure, this can have minor to severe repercussions. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified aniline in at least 59 of the 1,585 National Priorities List sites.

Nanoparticles as effective and reusable catalyst

One of the most notable aspects of metal oxide nanoparticles in catalysis, when compared to other catalysts, is their great selectivity, which allows discrimination between chemical groups and geometrical places, resulting in high yields of the desired product. Nanoparticles are excellent candidates for use as catalysts because they have a high surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials. Transition metal nanoparticles embedded in colloidal fluids act as catalysts in homogeneous catalysis.

Nanocatalysis is a fast-expanding discipline in which nanomaterials are used as catalysts in a variety of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis applications. Metal, semiconductor, oxide, and other compound nanoparticles have been widely applied in key chemical reactions. The development of catalysts with 100 percent selectivity, exceptionally high activity, minimal energy consumption, and long lifetime is a major goal of nanocatalysis research.

Transition metal nanoparticles in colloidal liquids serve as catalysts in homogeneous catalysis. Nanoparticles coagulation must be prevented and colloidal nanoparticles must be stabilized in order to use as good recyclable catalysts.

Application of Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles are gold particles with a diameter of 1 to 100 nanometers. They're most commonly employed in colloidal form. The bandgap of gold quantum dots can be adjusted by changing the size and diameter of the quantum dots. Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) is used as a precursor in the plant-mediated production of gold nanoparticles, which is subsequently added to the plant extract to be reduced into elemental gold.

Medicine, food industry, water purification, and biological applications, sensors, catalysis, decorative purposes, and antimicrobial properties are all examples of applications for gold nanoparticles. are some of the applications of gold nanoparticles.

Because of their biocompatibility, ease of conjugation to biomolecules, and unique optical properties that are dependent on nanoparticle size and shape and can be easily modified, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have garnered significant interest in the biomedical area.

Optimization of NMR

With the growing interest in using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to analyze biological fluids like urine and serum for metabonomic or diagnostic reasons, new issues regarding the efficacy of NMR data collecting and interpretation have emerged. The process of drug discovery and development relies heavily on NMR spectroscopy. These NMR screening approaches use target and ligand resonances as a means of detection to find weak-binding compounds and help them progress into powerful drug-like inhibitors for usage as lead compounds in drug discovery. Because ligand resonance-based NMR screening methods are more diversified than target-based approaches, they offer additional advantages.

The NMR SOLVE (NMR Structurally Orientated Library Valency Engineering) method uses a fragment-linking strategy to find ligands for enzyme families. It is based on the observation and assignment of only a few essential protons in a binding site using selective isotope tagging on certain amino acids of the protein.

NMR will be a powerful technique for developing innovative therapies for problematic "undruggable" protein targets. MATER METHODS 2014;4:599

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