TOP 100 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. _______ is referred to as "the father of research on teaching"?

• a) N. L. Gage
• b) David Berliner
• c) Egon Brunswik
• d) Donald T. Campbell
• Answer: a. N. L. Gage

2. The main purpose of research in education is to _________

• a) Increase social status of an individual
• b) Increase job prospects of an individual
• c) Help in the personal growth of an individual
• d) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist
• Answer: d. Help the candidate become an eminent educationist

3. _______ refers to inferring about the whole population based on the observations made on a small part

• a) Pseudo-inference
• b) Objective inference
• c) Inductive inference
• d) Deductive inference
• Answer: c. Inductive inference

4. Sampling is advantageous as it ________

• a) Saves time
• b) Helps in capital-saving
• c) Both (a) and (b)
• d) Increases accuracy
• Answer: c. Both (a) and (b)

5. Random sampling is helpful as it is __________

• a) Reasonably accurate
• b) Free from personal biases
• c) An economical method of data collection
• d) All the above
• Answer: d. All the above

6. Tippit table refers to ____________

• a) Table of random digits
• b) Table used in sampling methods
• c) Table used in statistical investigations
• d) All the above
• Answer: d. All the above

7 . Type-I Error occurs if ___________________

• a) The null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true
• b) The null hypothesis is accepted even though it is false
• c) Both the null hypothesis as well as alternative hypothesis are rejected
• d) None of the above
• Answer: a. the null hypothesis is rejected even though it is true

8. _________ is a preferred sampling method for the population with finite size

• a) Systematic sampling
• b) Purposive sampling
• c) Cluster sampling
• d) Area sampling
• Answer: a. Systematic sampling

9. Research and Development become the index of development of country. Which of the following reasons are true with regards to this statement?

• a) Because R&D targets the human development
• b) Because R&D can improve the standard of living of the people in a country
• c) Because R&D reflect the true economic and social conditions prevailing in a country
• d) All the above
• Answer: d. All the above

10. Which of the following is not an essential element of report writing?

• a. Research Methodology
• b. Reference
• c. Conclusion
• d. None of these
• Answer: d. None of these

11. Testing hypothesis is a ________

• a. Inferential statistics
• b. Descriptive statistics
• c. Data preparation
• d. Data analysis
• Answer: a. inferential statistics

12. Is it possible to apply projective techniques for exploratory investigation?

• a. Yes
• b. No
• Answer: a. Yes

13. What is the purpose of doing research?

• a. To identify problem
• b. To find the solution
• c. Both a and b
• d. None of these
• Answer: c. Both a and b

14. Which method can be applicable for collecting qualitative data?

• a. Artifacts (Visual)
• b. People
• c. Media products (Textual, Visual and sensory)
• d. All of these
• Answer: d. All of these

15. Which of the following is non-probability sampling?

• a. Snowball
• b. Random
• c. Cluster
• d. Stratified
• Answer: a. Snowball

16. In group interview there are _______

• a. One interviewer and one interviewee
• b. More than one interviewer and one interviewee
• c. One interviewer and more than one interviewee
• d. More than One interviewer and more than one interviewee
• Answer: c. one interviewer and more than one interviewee

17. Which of the following are associated with behavioral observation?

• a. Non-verbal analysis
• b. Linguistic analysis
• c. spatial analysis
• d. All of these
• Answer: d. All of these

18. Uniting various qualitative methods with quantitative methods can be called as……..

• a. Coalesce
• b. Triangulation
• c. Bipartite
• d. Impassive
• Answer: b. Triangulation

19. Multistage sampling is a ________

• a. Probability sampling
• b. Non-Probability sampling
• Answer: a. Probability sampling

20. Hypothesis is..........

• a) Conclusion drawn from existing literature
• b) Interpretation of data
• c) Relation between variables
• d) Comparison of assumptions
• Answer: (B) Interpretation of data

21. In which of the following research methodologies, manipulation and control of variables and randomization of sample are 2 of the basic necessities..........

• a) Ex-post facto research
• b) Descriptive research
• c) Case study research
• d) Experimental research
• Answer: (d) Experimental research

22. Which one of the following is the main feature of qualitative research?..........

• a) Avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis
• b) Subscribe to pre-existing categories
• c) Collects data in numerical form
• d) Uses the empirical methods of data analysis
• Answer: (a) Avoids positivist assumptions and data analysis

23.Which of the following methodology is being used in empirical researches? ..........

• a) Inductive method
• b) Deductive method
• c) Initiative method
• d) Scientific method
• Answer: (d) Scientific method

24. In which research methodology, manipulation of independent variable and control of extraneous variables are neither possible nor desirable? ..........

• a) Experimental method
• b) Ex post facto method
• c) Historical method
• d) Descriptive survey method
• Answer: (b) Ex post facto method

25. In which of the following, there is a greater flexibility in both the methodologies and process of research? .........

• a) Ethnography and phenomenology
• b) Descriptive survey and impact studies
• c) Experimental and observation based studies
• d) Ex-post facto and historical studies
• Answer: (a) Ethnography and phenomenology

26. Which of the following sequences correctly represents the steps of research using a quantitative paradigm? ........

• a) Hypothesis framing, hypothesis testing, conclusion, and reporting
• b) Establishing a research problem, hypothesis framing, hypothesis testing, generalization and conclusions and implications of result.
• c) Problem identification, sample selection, developing a research design and field work.
• d) Defining a problem, survey of related studies, sampling, data collection, and data analysis.
• Answer: (b) Establishing a research problem, hypothesis framing, hypothesis testing, generalization and conclusions and implications of result.

27. A researcher administers an achievement test to assess and indicate the possible effect of an independent variable in his/her study. The distribution of scores on the test is found to be negatively skewed. On the basis of this, what can be started with regard to the difficulty level of the test? .........

• a) The test is very easy
• b) The test is very difficult
• c) The test is neither easy nor difficult
• d) The test is easy and needs normalization
• Answer: (a) The test is very easy

28. The personalized and contextualized references are permissible in which type of reporting of researches? ........

• a) Experimental research
• b) Historical research
• c) Ethnographic research
• d) Survey based research
• Answer: (c) Ethnographic research

29. In which of the following methodology of research, hypotheses are usually implied rather than being explicit? ........

• a) Descriptive survey method
• b) Historical method
• c) Experimental method
• d) Ex-post facto method
• Answer: (b) Historical method

30. Which is the research methodology predominantly used to study cultural anthropology? ........

• a) Interview
• b) Panel discussion
• c) Participant observation
• d) Focus group discussion
• Answer: (c) Participant observation

31. Which among the following is NOT related to qualitative research? ........

• a) Thematic analysis
• b) Case study
• c) Discourse analysis
• d) Survey method
• Answer: (d) Survey method

32. Experimental researches are aimed to........

• a) Establish association between variables
• b) Describe variables
• c) Study the application of theory
• d) Study trend analysis
• Answer: (a) Establish association between variables

33. Through which of the following methodologies of research “cause and effect” relationship is focused?.........

• a) Historical method
• b) Experimental method
• c) Ex-post facto method
• d) Case study method
• Answer: (b) Experimental method

34. Quantitative research is otherwise known as ........

• a) Ethnographic approach
• b) Unstructured approach
• c) Descriptive approach
• d) Structured approach
• Answer: (d) Structured approach

35. The main purpose of research in education is to........

• a) Increase social status of an individual
• b) Increase job prospects of an individual
• c) Help in the personal growth of an individual
• d) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist
• Answer: (d) Help the candidate become an eminent educationist

36. Sampling is advantageous as it..........

• a) Saves time
• b) Helps in capital-saving
• c) Both (a) and (b)
• d) Increases accuracy
• Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

37. Random sampling is helpful as it is.........

• a) Reasonably accurate
• b) Free from personal biases
• c) An economical method of data collection
• d) All of the above
• Answer: (d) All of the above

38. ------------ refers to inferring about the whole population on the basis of the observations made on a small part

• a) Pseudo-inference
• b) Objective inference
• c) Inductive inference
• d) Deductive inference
• Answer: (c) Inductive inference

39. Different people hold ------------- of the same thing

• a) Same and different
• b) Same
• c) Different
• d) None of the above
• Answer: (c) Different

40. In “RESEARCH” “R” means..........

• a) Role
• b) Retain
• c) Relly
• d) Round
• Answer: (b) Retain

41. Which technique is generally followed when a population is finite? .......

• a) Purpose sampling technique
• b) Area sampling technique
• c) Systematic sampling technique
• d) None of the above
• Answer: (c) Systematic sampling technique

42. Which of the following is a non-probability sample?

• a) Quota sample
• b) Simple random sample
• c) Purposive sample
• d) (a) and (c) both
• Answer: (d) (a) and (c) both

43. A researcher selects a probability sample of 100 out of the total population. It is .........

• a) A cluster sample
• b) A random sample
• c) A systematic sample
• d) A stratified sample
• Answer: (b) A random sample

44. A good hypothesis must be .........

• a) Formulated in such a way that it can be tested by the data
• b) Precise, specific, and consistent with most known facts
• c) Of limited scope and must not have global significance
• d) All of the above
• Answer: (d) All of the above

45. Field study is related to .........

• a) Real life situations
• b) Laboratory situations
• c) Experimental situations
• d) None of the above
• Answer: (a) Real life situations

46. In the word “RESEARCH” “A” means..........

• a) Articulate
• b) Artist
• c) Article
• d) None of the above
• Answer: (a) Articulate

47. Research is based upon ........

• a) Rating scale
• b) Experiments
• c) General principles
• d) Scientific methods
• Answer: (d) Scientific methods

48. The main condition which must be followed by research is ..........

• a) Honest exploration
• b) Knowledge of facts and principles
• c) Standardized findings and conclusions
• d) All of the above
• Answer: (d) All of the above

49. Researches are generally treated as “identity symbols” of a nation because, ........

• a) Researches reflect the progress of a nation
• b) Researches focus on human development
• c) Researches help in acquiring international prestige
• d) All of the above
• Answer: (d) All of the above

50. Validity of a research can be improved by .........

• a) Taking the true representative sample of the population
• b) Eliminating extraneous factors
• c) Both of the above measures
• d) None of the above
• Answer: (c) Both of the above measures

51.“One of the methods of logical reasoning process” is called

• a) Induction
• b) Deduction
• c) Research
• d) Experiment
• Answer: d) Experiment

52.An essential Criterion of Scientific study is called

• a) Belief
• b) Value
• c) Objectivity
• d) Subjective
• Answer: c) Objectivity

53.“Reasoning from general to particular “is called

• a) Induction
• b) deduction
• c) Observation
• d) experience
• Answer: b) deduction

54.“Deduction and induction are a part of the system of reasoning” – stated by

• a) Caroline
• b) P.V.Young
• c) Dewey John
• d) Emory
• Answer: b) P.V.Young

55. …… is “systematically conceptual structure of interrelated elements in some schematic form”

• a) Concept
• b) Variable
• c) Model
• d) Facts
• Answer: c) Model

56.The method by which a sample is chosen

• a) Unit
• b) design
• c) Random
• d) Census
• Answer: b) design

57. Research conducted to find the solution for an immediate problem is ………….

• a) Fundamental Research
• b) Analytical Research
• c) Survey
• d) Action Research
• Answer: d) Action Research

58. Fundamental Research is otherwise called

• a) Action Research
• b) Survey
• c) Pilot study
• d) Pure Research
• Answer: d) Pure Research

59. Research which follows a case study method is called

• a) Clinical or diagnostic
• b) Causal
• c) Analytical
• d) Qualitative
• Answer: a) Clinical or diagnostic

60. Research through experiment and observation is called

• a) Clinical Research
• b) Experimental Research
• c) Laboratory Research
• d) Empirical Research
• Answer: d) Empirical Research

61. …………is a way to systematically solve the research problem

• a) Technique
• b) Operations
• c) Research methodology
• d) Research Process
• Answer: c) Research methodology

62. Good Research is always ……………

• a) Slow
• b) Fast
• c) Narrow
• d) Systematic
• Answer: d) Systematic

63.The research method is a part of …………..

• a) Problem
• b) Experiment
• c) Research Techniques
• d) Research methodology
• Answer: d) Research methodology

64. Identifying causes of a problem and possible solutions to a problem is

• a) Field Study
• b) diagnostic study
• c) Action study
• d) Pilot study
• Answer: b) diagnostic study

65. …………… is a motivation for research in students

• a) Research degree
• b) Research Academy
• c) Research Labs
• d) Research Problems
• Answer: a) Research degree

66. Which of the following is an example of primary data?

• a) Book
• b) Journal
• c) News Paper
• d) Census Report
• Answer: c) News Paper

67. A question which requires a solution is ………….

• a) Observation
• b) Problem
• c) Data
• d) Experiment
• Answer: b) Problem

68. Converting a question into a Researchable problem is called …………

• a) Solution
• b) Examination
• c) Problem formulation
• d) Problem-Solving
• Answer: d) Problem-Solving

69. The first step in formulating a problem is

• a) a Statement of the problem
• b) Gathering of Data
• c) Measurement
• d) Survey
• Answer: a) a Statement of the problem

70. A Hypothesis which develops while planning the research is

• a) a Null Hypothesis
• b) a Working Hypothesis
• c) a Relational Hypothesis
• d) a Descriptive Hypothesis
• Answer: a) Null Hypothesis

71. An image, perception, or concept that is capable of measurement is called__________

• a) Scale.
• b) Hypothesis.
• c) Type.
• d) Variable
• Answer: d) Variable

72. What are the conditions in which Type-I error occurs?

• a) The null hypothesis get accepted even if it is false
• b) The null hypothesisgets rejected even if it is true
• c) Both the null hypotheses as well as alternative hypotheses are rejected
• d) None of the above
• Answer: b)The null hypothesisgets rejected even if it is true

73. In order to pursue the research, which of the following is priory required?

• a) Developing a research design
• b) Formulating a research question
• c) Deciding on the data analysis procedure
• d) Formulating a research hypothesis
• Answer: b)Formulating a research question

74. How to judge the depth of any research?

• a) By research title
• b) By research duration
• c) By research objectives
• d) By total expenditure on research
• Answer: c)By research objectives

75. Which of the following is not the method of Research?

• a) Survey
• b) Historical
• c) Observation
• d) Observation
• Answer: c)Observation

76. Research is

• a) Searching again and again
• b) Finding solution to any problem
• c) Working in a scientific way to search for truth of any problem
• d) None of the above
• Answer: c)Working in a scientific way to search for the truth of any problem

77. In the process of conducting research ‘Formulation of Hypothesis” is followed by

• a) Statement of Objectives
• b) Analysis of Data
• c) Selection of Research Tools
• d) Collection of Data
• Answer: c)Selection of Research Tools

78.……………… is concerned with discovering and testing certain variables with respect to their association or disassociation

• a) Exploratory
• b) Descriptive
• c) Diagnostic
• d) Descriptive and diagnostic
• Answer: c)Diagnostic

79.The main objective of ……studies to acquire knowledge

• a) Exploratory
• b) Descriptive
• c) Diagnostic
• d) Descriptive and Diagnostic
• Answer: B)Descriptive

80. One of the terms given below is defined as a bundle of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, and the like

• a) Construct
• b) Definition
• c) Concept
• d) Variable
• Answer: c)Concept

81. Concepts are ……………. of Research

• a) Guide
• b) Tools
• c) Methods
• d) Variables
• Answer: b)Tools

82. Concept is of two types

• a) Abstract and Coherent
• b) Concrete and Coherent
• c) Abstract and concrete
• d) None of the above
• Answer: c)Abstract and concrete

83. Why do you need to review the existing literature?

• a) To make sure you have a long list of references
• b) Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
• c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest
• d) To help in your general studying
• Answer: c)To find out what is already known about your area of interest

84. What do you mean by Unit of Analysis?

• a) Main parameter
• b) Variables
• c) Sample
• d) Constructs
• Answer: a)Main parameter

85. A statement of the quantitative research question should:

• a) Extend the statement of purpose by specifying exactly the question (s the researcher will address
• b) Help the research in selecting appropriate participants, research methods, measures, and materials
• c) Specify the variables of interest
• d) All the above
• Answer: d)All the above

86. A formal document that presents the research objectives, the design of achieving these objectives, and the expected outcomes/deliverables of the study is called

• a)Research design
• b)Research proposal
• c)Research hypothesis
• d)Research report
• Answer: B)Research proposal

87.Survey is a ……………. Study

• a) Descriptive
• b) Fact finding
• c) Analytical
• d) Systematic
• Answer: b)Fact finding

88.In a survey there is an enumerator and a ………………….

• a)Guide
• b)Respondent
• c)Supervisor
• d)Messenger
• Answer: b)Respondent

89. The first purpose of a survey is to …………

• a)Description
• b)Evaluation
• c)Pration
• d)Provide Information
• Answer: d)Provide Information

90. Questions in which only two alternatives are possible is called

• a)Multiple-choice questions
• b)Dichotomous questions
• c)Open-ended questions
• d)Structured questions
• Answer: b)Dichotomous questions

91. What are the core elements of a Research Process?

• a)Introduction; Data Collection; Data Analysis; Conclusions and Recommendations
• b)Executive Summary; Literature Review; Data Gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography
• c)Research Plan; Research Data; Analysis; References
• d)Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions
• Answer: d)Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions

92. Identifying the causes of a problem and possible solutions to a problem is

• a)Field Study
• b)Diagnosis tic study
• c)Action study
• d)Pilot study
• Answer: b)Diagnosis tic study

93. Second step in problem formulation is

• a)Statement of the problem
• b)Understanding the nature of the problem
• c)Survey
• d)Discussions
• Answer: b)Understanding the nature of the problem

94. Questionnaire is filled by ……………….

• a)Respondent
• b)Everybody
• c)Enumerator
• d)None of the above
• Answer: b)Respondent

95. The main problem withthe questionnaire is

• a)Accessible to Diverse Respondents
• b)Greater Anonymity
• c)Shows an inability of the respondent to provide information
• d)None of these
• Answer: c)Shows an inability of the respondent to provide information

96. What does the term 'longitudinal design' mean?

• a) A study completed far away from where the researcher lives.
• b) A study that is very long to read.
• c) A study with two contrasting cases.
• d) A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena.
• Answer: d) A study completed over a distinct period of time to map changes in social phenomena.

97. Which of the following is true regarding research objectives?

• a) Research objectives, when achieved, will provide sufficient earnings to obtain a reasonable return on investment.
• b) Research objectives, when obtained, will ensure the viability of the marketing research department.
• c) Research objectives, when achieved, provide the information necessary to solve the problem.
• d) Research objectives are seldom achieved but should be stated as goals to be sought.
• Answer: c) Research objectives, when achieved, provide the information necessary to solve the problem.

98. Wrong questionnaire is an example of ………

• a)Primary data collection problem
• b)Secondary collection problem
• c)A and B both
• d)None of the above
• Answer: a)Primary data collection problem

99.The existing company information is an example of which data?

• a)Primary
• b)Secondary
• c)Both a and b
• d)None of the above
• Answer: b)Secondary

100. Your colleague is confused about using the marketing research process, as he knows that something is wrong but is not sure of the specific causes to investigate. He seems to be having problems with ________, which is often the hardest step to take.

• a)Developing the research plan
• b)Determining a research approach
• c)Defining the problem and research objectives
• d)Selecting a research agency
• Answer: c)Defining the problem and research objectives